The pump is a vane pump, centrifugal type, driven by a V-belt.
A thermostat with a solid filler that expands when heated (opening the valve) and contracts when cooled (closing the valve). The thermostat valve begins to open at the target temperature (approximately 80-84°C). At a temperature of about 95°C, the thermostat valve is fully open.
The radiator cap has two safety valves - steam and vacuum. The steam valve opens to discharge steam through the outlet pipe (hose) when the pressure inside the cooling system exceeds the maximum permissible value (coolant temperature 110-120°C, valve opening pressure). The air (vacuum) valve opens to reduce the vacuum that occurs in the cooling system after the engine is stopped and the temperature drops (pressure -7 kPa or less).
Opening the valve allows coolant to return to the system from the expansion tank.
On cars with automatic transmission, a heat exchanger is installed in the lower radiator tank to cool the automatic transmission fluid (ATF).